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+= TB shell scripting for MOP2
+Kamil Kowalczyk
+2025-11-08
+:jbake-type: post
+:jbake-tags: MOP2 osdev
+:jbake-status: published
+
+This post is about TB (ToolBox) - the shell interpreter for MOP2 operating system.
+
+= Invoking applications
+
+Applications are invoked by providing an absolute path to the binary executable and the list of
+arguments. In MOP2 paths must be formatted as `MOUNTPOINT:/path/to/my/file`. All paths are absolute
+and MOP2 doesn't support relative paths (there's no concept of a CWD or current working directory).
+
+.Example of listing currently running processes
+[source]
+----
+base:/bin/pctl ls
+----
+
+Typing out the entire path might get tiresome. Imagine typing `MOUNTPOINT:/path/to/app arg more args`
+every time you want to call an app. This is what TB aliases/macros are for. They make the user type
+less ;).
+
+.Example of calling an application via an alias
+[source]
+----
+$pctl ls
+----
+
+Now that's way better!
+
+=== Creating new aliases
+
+To create an alias we can type
+
+[source]
+----
+mkalias pctl base:/bin/pctl
+----
+
+And then we can use our `$pctl`!
+
+But there's another issue - we have to write aliases for every application, which isn't better than
+us typing out the entire path. Luckliy, there's a solution for this. TB has two useful functions
+that can help us solve this - `eachfile` and `mkaliasbn`.
+
+`eachfile` takes a directory, an ignore list and a command, which is run for every entry in the said
+directory. We can also access the current directory entry via special symbol called `&EF-ELEM`.
+In `base/scripts/rc.tb` we can see the full example in action.
+
+[source]
+----
+eachfile !.gitkeep base:/bin \
+  mkaliasbn &EF-ELEM
+----
+
+This script means: for each file in base:/bin (excluding .gitkeep), call mkaliasbn for the current
+entry. `mkaliasbn` then takes the base name of a path, which is expanded by `&EF-ELEM` and creates
+an alias. `mkaliasbn` just simply does `mkalias <app> MP:/path/<app>`.
+
+== Logging
+
+In the UNIX shell there's one very useful statement - `set -x`. `set -x` tells the shell to print out
+executed commands. It's useful for script debugging or in general to know what the script does (or 
+if it's doing anything / not stuck). This is one thing that I hate about Windows - it shows up a
+stupid dotted spinner and doesn't tell you what it's doing and you start wondering. Is it stuck?
+Is it waiting for a drive/network/other I/O? Is it bugged? Can I turn of my PC? Will it break if I
+do? The user SHOULD NOT have these kinds of questions. That's why I believe that `set -x` is very
+important.
+
+I wanted to have something similar in TB, so I've added a `setlogcmds` function. It takes `yes` or
+`no` as an argument to enable/disable logging. It can be invoked like so:
+
+[source]
+----
+setlogcmds yes
+----
+
+Now the user will see printed statements, for eg. during the system start up:
+
+[source]
+----
+this is an init script!
++$tb -m runfile -f base:/scripts/mount.tb
+Mounting filesystems...
++$fs mount -mp uhome -fs LittleFS -dev atasd-ch0-M-part2 -fmt no
+OK uhome
+----
+
+== String stack and subshells
+
+In UNIX shell, it's common to get the output of an application, store it into a variable and then
+pass that variable around to other apps. For eg:
+
+[source]
+----
+# Use of a subshell
+MYVAR=$(cat file.txt)
+echo $MYVAR | myapp # or something...
+----
+
+In TB, I've decided to go with a stack, since I find it easier to implement than a variable hashmap.
+A stack can be implemented using any dynamic list BTW.
+
+The stack in TB is manipulated via `stackpush` and `stackpop` functions. We can `stackpush` a string
+using `stackpush <my string>` and then `stackpop` it to remove it. We can also access the top of
+the stack via `$stack`. It's a special magic alias, which expands to the string that is at the top.
+An example of stack usage would be:
+
+[source]
+----
+stackpush 'hello world string!'
+print $stack
+stackpop
+----
+
+=== The `do` function
+
+The `do` function does what a subshell does in UNIX shell. We can `do` a command an then have it's
+output placed at the top of the stack. An example of this would be:
+
+[source]
+----
+do print 'hello world from subshell'
+print $stack
+stackpop
+----
+
+It's a simpler, more primitive mechanism than the UNIX subshells, but it gets the job done ;).